Monday, September 30, 2019

Last Day In High School Essay

Respected Teachers, Seniors and my dear Friends. A warm and hearty welcome to all of you present here! Its a day that comes in a year but brings innumerable emotions along with it. I think all of you would be a little sad, for you will be leaving behind people that shaped your life and a place that is as much a part of your identity as the name you bear .Every beginning has an end. And every end is a new beginning. It’s a relentless cycle seen in every aspect of our lives. A year starts; a year ends, only to give birth to another. As much as I anticipate the start of a new season, I know that fate says it will cease. Most of our life is a series of images. They pass us by like towns on the highway. But sometimes, a moment stuns us as it happens. And we know that this instant is more than a fleeting image. We know that this moment†¦ every part of it†¦ will live on forever .The important thing is not to be bitter over life’s disappointments. Learn to let go of t he past, and recognize that every day won’t be sunny. And when you find yourself lost in the darkness of despair remember, it’s only in the black of night that you see the stars, and those stars lead you back home.â€Å"So don’t be afraid to make mistakes, to stumble and fall, because most of the time the greatest rewards come from doing the things that scare you the most. Maybe you’ll get everything you wish for. Maybe you’ll get more than you ever could have imagined. Who knows where life will take you. The road is long and in the end, the journey is the destination. At this watershed moment of the lives of my friends of class 10th, I am reminded the great words by Rabindranath Tagore, ‘where the mind is without fear’. I wish for you a mental cosmos where you are confident individuals, not scared to do the most uphill tasks. Where you are not cosseted in the four walls of fear, and break the shackles and become real performers, real doers. As we stand here on this beautiful day, my friends we wish for you an attitude of a real performer, one who does not look back but dives into turbulent waters with a crazy stubbornness to swim through and survive the fiercest storms. I wish for you a divine belief, a never-give up attitude and a little piece of arrogance that tells the achievers out there in the world with a loud thud, ‘if you can, why can’t I?’ You are now at a crossroads where you need to take decisions independently. You need fortitude to face the future which often looks bleak and blank. Remember, the future is an extension of today. If life is good today, tomorrow will take care of itself.Those of you who want to outshine others must learn the secret of enthusiasm. The moment you discover this secret, success cannot elude you. Enthusiasm provides a person with a powerful driving force.develop faith in yourself and enthusiasm will bubble up in you. Lastly, I would like to add, â€Å"Make a rule in life never to regret and never look back†. Regret is appalling waste of energy. Indeed, life is what we make it. It is said that â€Å"the best people are moulded out of faults, and for the most, become much more the better for being a little bad.† Each mistake can become a prime opportunity for self improvement. May your journey be that of valor and we do not want to say good bye because tomorrow when we stand there to become a part of your world, we would look for those familiar faces, who would draw their hands out and share their experiences with us.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Lamb to the Slaughter †Study of Mary Maloney Essay

I am going to explain within this essay how I think Mary Maloney’s character changes in the story Lamb to the Slaughter by Roald Dahl. When the story opens Mary is a content, loving and devoted wife and is six months pregnant and happy to be so. â€Å"Now and again she would g lance up at the clock, but without anxiety, merely to please herself with the thought that each minute gone by made it nearer the time when he would come.† The statement â€Å"without anxiety† demonstrates her contentment. The statement â€Å"please herself† to â€Å"when he would come† demonstrates the love and devotion she has as she is eagerly awaiting the return of her husband from work. It states â€Å"The drop of the head as she bent over her sewing was curiously tranquil. Her skin – for this was her six month with child – had acquired a wonderful translucent quality†. The use of the word â€Å"tranquil† and â€Å"wonderful† portray she was thriving on her pregnancy and had no anxieties. It later states â€Å"For her, this was always a blissful time of day†. The use of â€Å"blissful† shows demonstrates the full extent of her contentment. On the arrival of her husband home Mary Maloney begins to detect something is wrong with her husband and a nervous anxiousness starts to appear in her. It states â€Å"he did an unusual thing. He lifted his glass and drained it in one swallow†. This was setting the scene that this was not a normal evening and indicating â€Å"drained it† introduced negative connotations. The statements â€Å"she heard the ice cubes falling back against the bottom of the empty glass† and â€Å"she noticed the new drink was dark amber† and â€Å"she could see little oily swirls in the liquid because it was so strong† shows she was becoming fixated on the manner in which he was drinking the whisky. This fixation was used by the story teller in combination with her repeated attempts to be helpful and appease in statements such as â€Å"’I’ll get it!’ she cried, jumping up.† and â€Å"‘Darling, shall I get your slippers?’ † and also with â€Å"’But, darling, you must eat!’† to build up a picture of increasing uneasiness in her. The writing style of using of exclamation marks and italicised â€Å"must† emphasised the anxiety. On her husband’s announcement of his news Mary Maloney went into shock and denial. The statement â€Å"dazed horror† demonstrated this but also â€Å"as he went further and further way from her with each word† emphasised she had begun to detach from her current reality and to hope it was all a mistake â€Å"Maybe, if she went about her business and acted as though she hadn’t been listening, then later, when she sort of woke up again, she might find none of it had ever happened.† demonstrates this further. The statement â€Å"She couldn’t feel anything at all – except a slight nausea and a desire to vomit† demonstrates the extent of her emotional distress as it emphasised her body had been physically affected by the news. After she kills her husband she is jolted out of shock by the sounds of her husband crashing to the floor. The statement â€Å"The violence of the crash, the noise, the small table overturning, helped bring her out of shock† demonstrates this. Her mind races to at this point to calculate how to cover up the crime but not for her own benefit but to protect her unborn child. This is shown in the statements â€Å"how clear her mind became all of a sudden. She began thinking very fast.†, â€Å"It made no difference to her. In fact it would be a relief†, â€Å"what about the child† and â€Å"she ran upstairs to the bedroom†. The fast pace being used to show still an element of distress but now more panicked than shocked, clear minded and calculating how to get away with the crime. Mary Maloney then perseveres to overcome her panic and acts to maintain an air of normality so that she can carry out believably her plan to cover up her crime. The statement â€Å"That was better. Both the smile and the voice were coming out better now. She rehearsed it several times moreâ€Å". This shows the struggle to speak normally as she needed to rehears it. In the shop the statement â€Å"’Hullo Sam,’ she said brightly, smiling at the man behind the counter.† and â€Å"Perfect’, she said. He loves it.’†, shows she has decided to pretend that there is nothing wrong. This act of normality is further emphasised by her thoughts as she approaches her house on return from the shops stating â€Å"she happened to find anything unusual or tragic, or terrible, then naturally it would be a shock and she’d become frantic with grief and horror.†, and â€Å"Keep things absolutely natural and there’ll be no  need for actin g at all†. She believes by being as natural as possible she will get away with the crime. Mary Maloney then feels the pain of loosing her husband. The passage â€Å"All the old love and longing for him welled up inside her, and she ran over to him and knelt down beside him, and began to cry her heart out. It was easy. No acting was necessary.† The words â€Å"welled up† shows her being overcome by emotion and also â€Å"to cry her heart out† being very emotive of a pouring out of her emotions. After the momentary grief of seeing her husband dead on her return she goes back into acting out her plan to cover up the crime but calmer and yet more calculating. The statement â€Å"she fell right into Jack Noonan’s arms, weeping hysterically†, â€Å"’Is he dead?’she cried.† and â€Å"While she was talking, crying and talking†. Mary was building a picture of a a wife who was grieving. She then lures the policemen into drinking â€Å"’Would you mind giving me a drink’† â€Å"Why don’t you have one yourself, ‘she said. ‘You must be awfully tired’ â€Å"and â€Å"others came in and were persuaded to take a little nip†. They were â€Å"uncomfortable in her presence† and when it came to eating the meat â€Å"’Please she begged. ‘Please eat it’†, and then, †It’d be a favour to me if you’d eat it up† and â€Å"in the end they were persuaded to go into the kitchen and help themselves.† It was calculating as she was using the policeman’s discomfort at being with a grieving widow and desire to not cause her further distress to do things that they would not normally do. In this way she achieves her goal which was for them to eat the weapon, the leg of lamb. It shows her ability to manipulate the others in the situation. There is no visible remorse being demonstrated by these actions. In the end she is pleased with her efforts to cover up the crime. The statement â€Å"And in the other room, Mary Maloney began to giggle† shows this. In the story she has turned full circle from the devoted loving wife to calculating killer pleased to have gotten off with it. The storyteller is portraying a crime of passion where someone has been wronged by their love, reacts on the spur of the moment and feels the pain of the loss but covers up the crime possibly with little guilt having been the emotionally injured  party at the outset. She has justified her actions to herself for the well being of her unborn child.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

SMART Goal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SMART Goal - Assignment Example In working out the core competency, some critical aspects must be considered. The aspect to be put on considerations is the skill, knowledge and attributes (KSA) that is related with this competency. The only KSA that is related with core competencies is using evidence to guide nursing practice. In unison, the core competence and the KSA will be used to form a leadership development smart goal. I will research on benefits of using evidence-based practice on employees who commit errors while doing nursing procedures in hospital, after I seek approval from the hospital manager. Review nursing procedure manual and guidelines, and convene a meeting with organizers of continuous medical education. Review scholarly articles and credible databases to obtain information on how using evidence to guide your practice can benefit the employees by November 24, 2014 (MacLeod, 2012). As policy dictates for any other institution, one has to seek approval before any investigative or research is done. This is usually done to safe guide the interest of others who might be implicated on the research if the motive of the research is bad. To avoid researches that might wrongfully implicated on any research the motive must be assessed. On approval one need to display the proposal of the research and what he or she is seeking to achieve. With this very reason, I had to seek for the approval from the hospital manager in order to get the consent and a go ahead letter to pursue my research on the benefit of evidenced practice in the hospital set up on the employees that commit many errors for the absence of using evidence to guide their practice. This should come first on the action plan. Next on the action plan was to review the procedure manuals and the guidelines being used in the practice. The intention is to identify the most current position of the employees with regard of material being used to practice in the hospital. This one of the problem

Friday, September 27, 2019

What is the Daodejing (Tao Te Ching) What is or was its purpose REL WK Essay

What is the Daodejing (Tao Te Ching) What is or was its purpose REL WK 5DQ - Essay Example The person who asked the philosopher to write perhaps lived with him and has seen the wisdom of the author. Therefore the book was primarily written to serve as a guide to readers in how they should live a virtuous life. The circumstances presented relate not only to the intended audience during its writing but also to contemporary readers. This is probably the reason why it is very popular even to this day. It counsels people on how to live with dignity and integrity in a world full of struggles, lies and envy. It also presents arguments about wealth, wisdom and power. The work is full of paradoxes, such as showing the wisdom of rich merchants burying their wealth to show that they have none. The author shows in his book that it is not wealth then, that makes a person what he is but how he deals with what he has. For instance, a wise person who boasts in his wisdom is in fact a fool but a humble person will always find wealth in his life because he is able to live in peace with his neighbors, not endangering his life by letting others know what he

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Control & Co-ordination Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Control & Co-ordination - Assignment Example The central nervous system gathers information from the peripheral nervous system and analyzes it to create action, and later resends it to the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. These two divisions work together to ensure that the body is able to respond to different internal and external changes and environments. A simplified chart showing the organisation of the nervous system is as shown below (Brelt, 2003). The forebrain is responsible for receiving and processing of detailed and complex sensory information, thought, perceptions and language. The forebrain is the part of the brain that differentiates the human beings from other organisms. This part of the brain is comprised of the thalamus and the hypothalamus, the cerebrum and cerebral cortex. The thalamus is responsible for sorting and differentiating information and sending/relaying it to the different parts of the fore brain. The hypothalamus controls and monitors activities such as eating, drinking or sexual activity by affecting the endocrine system to produce hormones. The cerebrum forms the largest part of the forebrain and processes information, relaying it to the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is responsible for speech, grammar, mathematical abilities, non verbal emotions among others (Brelt, 2003). The midbrain is a link between the hind and fore parts of the brain. It relays information between the two brain parts and is responsible with auditory and visual responses such as hearing, sight, and sleep among others. This part of the brain, located just below the cerebral cortex is the smallest as compared to the forebrain and the hindbrain. The hindbrain is located at the rear of the skull and is comprised of the medulla oblongata, the cerebellum and the pons. The medulla oblongata controls activities such as breathing and posture whereas the

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Plato and Seneca on Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Plato and Seneca on Death - Essay Example It demands attention, makes us busy with working for a living and fills us with desires, wants and fears. Our search for the truth is also impeded whenever our bodies are afflicted by disease. The body can be said to be the ultimate inhibiting factor in our desire to wander in our thoughts. True philosophers try to separate the soul from the body in their search for the truth. It is in this regard where death provides an avenue for it is only thru this where the body and the soul can be separated. Philosophy, then, is the quest for knowledge and enlightenment and the only way for this to be achieved is thru the separation of the body and soul. The only way to separate the body and soul is death. Those who truly desire to become philosophers must be prepared to live as close to death as possible. This does not necessarily mean that they should always be in near-death situations. Instead, they should not be too much concerned with the intricacies of the body providing only the basic nourishment it needs. It is due to this that true philosophers and lovers of wisdom do not fear death. Seneca, one the Stoic philosopher, offers a rather compelling manifesto regarding the subject of life and time. The pervading notion during his time was that nature has cursed us with so short a life that it often ends just when we were getting ready for it. This kind of thinking not only afflicts the common people who form the majority of the populace but each and every individual member of society including distinguished men and women who had all the means for a leisurely life. Life, as observed by Seneca in most people, is that it is viewed in terms of postponement. People live as though their life is ensured in the future. They talk about their retirement or the time they will be having their own orchards. Seneca argues that life is finite and is essentially about time. However, the greatest obstacle to living was expectancy wherein we set our sights of what lies in the future while we waste the time we have today. We are thus disposed of that which lay in the hands of Fortune, while letting go of that which was in our own. If we live today and in the present moment, we could live every moment of our life as though it would last forever. Seneca says that everything even darkness and light is contained in a single day. To use the present well is to be aware of this completeness. More days, and months, and years, will or at least may make up our lives if we only made wise of our time. In making the most of our time, we make the most of our life. Life is making use of time and time is making use of life. In this regard, there is not much difference between the two less we perceive life as though we have all the time in the world. 3.0 Plato and Seneca on Death Philosophy and death are intricately entwined in the writings of Plato and Seneca. An analysis of their writings would reveal that share many similarities yet diverge in certain issues. To start with, Plato recognizes that opposites come only from opposites. Since the opposite of life is death and that death comes from life, life can also come from death. Plato would counsel his listeners that death can only lead to immortality as the soul is finally freed from the body but this is only true when the soul already existed without the body. While Plato explains death

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Critique - Essay Example Brene Brown authored an article titled â€Å"Time to get off the cell phone† and in this article the author states that we dehumanize people who serve us by using our cell phones and he even suggests that we need to stop dehumanization them and respect them (Brown, 2009). Brown tells us that two women talked on their phone all the time even while they were getting manicures. The manicurists thought those women don’t treat them as human beings. Brown even states that on his visit to to Barnes & Noble, she witnessed another woman who never acknowledge the clerk but talked on her phone when she asked the clerk to do something for her. Furthermore, when Brown visited Chick-fil-A drive-through, her phone rang. She answered it since she thought it was her son’s school calling. She quickly got off the phone and apologized to the cashier. The cashier was grateful since people usually don’t â€Å"see them†. Brown even states that she worked as a waitress when she was in college. She always felt bad when she was treated as an object. She explains that people usually don’t show enough respect to servers, but â€Å"treat bosses/doctors/bankers with the utmost respect†. Brown states respect has now become dependent on â⠂¬Å"race, class and privilege†. People complain about customer service these days, but the real problem is that customers are the ones at fault as they do not treat service providers in a respectful manner. Martin Buber wrote that â€Å"I-it relationship† takes place when we treat people like objects and â€Å"I-you relationship† takes place when we treat people as human beings and with empathy. Brown concludes that when we talk on the phone, we dehumanize the person we are interacting with. She suggests we need to stop dehumanizing people and show respect to each other because â€Å"we are hard-wired for connection†.   Brown also says â€Å"If we dont have the

Monday, September 23, 2019

Compare the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice and the Essay

Compare the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice and the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the resolution of Inter - Essay Example The PCA was a precursor to all the other international institutions formed to resolve international disputes, including the International Court of Justice (ICJ) formed in 1945 under the convention of the United Nations. Arbitration, which has turned into a hugely popular process in the last 50 years for commercial dispute settlement is widely accepted amongst the various states worldwide that regularly enforce the resolution awarded by the court of arbitration. However, the ICJ and the scores of other similar tribunal bodies created by the states have not become popular, and their rulings are not widely accepted by the various states. Despite the popularity of the arbitration body, both the institutions (PCA and ICJ) face criticism from the experts, while observations reveal that a lack of enforcement of the awarded statements remains a major problem for both the bodies. In this context, the article will examine the differences in the jurisdictions of PCA and the IJC in the resolutio n of International Investments/Commercial Disputes. It will study various texts to identify the problems associated with these international legal bodies especially created for resolving global commercial problems. The jurisdictions of the International Court of Justice and the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the resolution of International Investments/Commercial Disputes 1 Introduction Traditionally the jurisdictions of courts depend primarily on the consent of the contending parties. The first famous commercial dispute case was seen in the 19th century during the US civil war, where consent was forwarded by Britain. Here we find that US had submitted the ‘Alabama Claims’ under the jurisdiction of arbitration.1 This claim centred on the activities of a particular ship named The Alabama, built by an English shipyard and later sold to the Confederates, during the civil war. Here U.S. felt that Britain had contravened the neutrality rules, and it claimed compensation un der the Three Rules of Washington for the losses suffered by its army when the Confederacy used The Alabama. In this case, under arbitration, the verdict went against Britain, whereupon the state took a political decision to accept the indictment, as awarded by arbitration. This process of submission to arbitration to solve a dispute that was transnational in nature and the manner of resolution encouraged other states to also start using arbitration, which finally led to the formation of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA). During the initial years, a large number of inter-State disputes came under the various tribunals established under PCA.2 Since PCA was primarily established to resolve disputes between the states, all its initial tribunals were asked to decide on disputes related to matters on public international legal issues like treaty implications, state duties, and territorial sovereignty. Many of the principles formed during these early years still hold good as intern ational laws, often given as a reference by other international bodies,

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Reconstruction’s Failure Essay Example for Free

Reconstruction’s Failure Essay Congress Reconstruction efforts to ensure equal right to freedom failed because the enforcement acts that was giving in Document 2, Prejudice in the south giving Benjamin Boyer’s speech and from the book â€Å"Black Reconstruction in America† in document 6, another reason was the Compromise of 1877. In the exert from the New York times, it states the Ku Klux Klan purpose was to establish a nucleus around which the adherents of the late rebellion might safely rally. The whites thought that it threatened individual freedom because it allowed the government to punish the Ku Klux Klan and banned disguises. The kkk wonted to enforce the fourteenth amendment which is to â€Å"make slaves citizens† to the constitution of the U.S. They believed in the innate inferiority of blacks. The Ku Klux Klan and other terrorist groups tried to keep African Americans from making economic process They killed there livestock, attacked the African Americans who owned land and forced them to work for previous slaveholders. Many southerners were opposed to African Americans gaining equal right and voting in elections so they formed terrorist groups. They were very prejudice in the south. Benjamin Boyer’s wrote a speech that stated† It is common for the advocates of negro suffrage to assume that the color of the negro is the main obstacle to his political quality† meaning its common for people to see black as people who shouldn’t have the right to vote. He also said Negros are not equal of white Americans and are not entitled. In the book Black reconstruction in America he said the American Negro was compelled to give up his political power. What he was saying if Negros wonted to work or wonted to increase the income they couldn’t handle politics to. Another reason was the Compromise of 1877. After the southerners made great changes affecting the lives of freed African Americans, restricting the right of freed slaves. Hayes got the 20 disputed electoral votes. They were unlimitedly awarded to him after a bitter legal and political battle. The south accepts republican, Hayes becomes President and the North agrees to end reconstruction and withdraw troops. They also agreed to build a railroad from Texas to the West Coast and also agreed to appoint southerners to the cabinet. Reconstruction failed for many different reasons. Reconstruction was suppose to be the period of rebuilding after the Civil war in which all the confederate states returned to the union. Like  may things everything doesn’t always go as planned.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Compositions Essay Example for Free

Compositions Essay My parents took me to Chidambaram on the occasion of the festival for Lord Nataraja. That festival occurs once in a year. The crowd was huge. It had come from all parts of India, and, in some cases, even from outside India. The crowd consisted of people from various states in India. It therefore, consisted of people from different walks of life. We saw people from Northern states of India, like, Uttar Pradesh, Rajastan, Delhi and many more. We also saw crowds from Great Britain and The United States of America. We found people talking in different languages. Some of the people found it difficult to make the local people of Chidambaram understand what they meant. So, they needed interpreters. As mentioned earlier, the crowd was not only huge, but consisted of citizens of various status and from various states. Some leader was delivering a speech. He did not belong to Tamil Nadu. Sometimes he would speak in broken language and then switch over to different language, which i too could not follow. The crowd was in no better position. So, there was commotion in the crowd because it could not understand what the speaker was talking about. When the crowd became restive, someone came on to the dias to do interpretation, but that did not also satisfy the crowd. Therefore, the speaker finished his speech and some one else came up the dias to deliver the speech. But, he too did not understand the local language well and there was a confusion again. This time the crowd became very restive and could not be controlled by the cops. When the situation appeared to be going out of control, the cops interfered and used water guns to disperse the crowd. When that too did not give the desired result, the cops naturally resorted to using bullets. The first fired in the air to terify the people. But, that did not yield the desired result. So they sprayed the crowd with actual bullets. This made the crowd retreat and some calm appeared to have descended on the crowd. So, this was a meeting which was well attended. But, it was attended by people from various states speaking different languages and having different life cultures. The speakers also did not do anything to pacify the crowd. As i said earlier, the crowd came from different states and spoke different languages, they could not understand what the speakers spoke, nor could others understand what they spoke.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Air France Marketing Strategy

Air France Marketing Strategy Air France, one of the worlds largest airlines, has a history in aviation going back nearly a century. As part of the Air France KLM Group and a member of the SkyTeam global airline alliance, they are able to offer the best in-flight service and widest choice of travel routes to customers (Staniland, 2003, p.262). As a service organisation, Air France must necessarily offer high quality service at all levels to its customers, and this report considers both the current state of the organisation and how it achieves this level of service quality. The 7Ps of marketing is the main framework used and consideration is also given to the benefits of relationship marketing for the organisation. 7Ps of Marketing in Relation to Air France Its Partnerships The 7Ps of marketing are an extension of the traditional four Ps of marketing, i.e. product, price, place and promotion, to take account of changes in approach that incorporate service delivery and thus adds in people, process and physical evidence to provide an overall service marketing mix(Nargundkar, 2006, p.45). 1) Product Air France has two main strands of product offering on the ground services and in-flight services. The first relates to access to major airports with appropriate parking, duty free shopping facilities and safe and efficient baggage handling as well as good quality customer service at reservation counters, booking in desks, online booking services etc. Inflight services are less tangible and more prone to customer perception, and include areas such as cabin crew approachability and comfortable seating as well as in-flight shopping and entertainment/ refreshment. For Air France, delivery of a quality product in both aspects is a major element of business offering as they realise the importance of this to customers (Alamdari, 1999). 2) Price For many leisure travellers, price is one of the major considerations when choosing an airline, along with accessibility to airports, and flight times (Doganis, 2006, p.211). For Air France, their price structure is based on basic fares, both leisure and business plus additional costs such as taxes, and the service provided by the airline. As a strategy they have selected value for money pricing (Taneja, 2004 p.166), charging the average price when compared with their competitors. 3) Place Place in this context refers to how, where, why and when consumers purchase (Crane, 1993, p.19). For Air France this may be direct through the airline, either online or by phone, as part of a holiday package or through a third party travel agent. 4) Promotion Encouraging awareness of the value provided by an airline is done through promotion. In the case of Air France this is done through a combination of joint promotions with their strategic partners, both airline and non-airline based as well as direct advertising and promotion through magazines and TV advertising and in holiday brochures. The companys promotional stance is heavily based in promoting its French basis, with a brand image based on style, colour (blue) and positioning themselves as the representation of France in the air (Kaynak Kucukemiroglu, 1993). In addition, the companys partnerships with organisations such as Hertz Rent a Car, who are able to offer discounts and special deals to Air France customers and Allianz, who offer a digital safe-box to Air France customers, offer a further route to raising customer awareness of the brand and its offers. 5) People As a service provider, the people employed by Air France are its representatives and their attitude and service delivery can be a major factor in customer loyalty (Ostrowsky et al, 1993). As such the company invests heavily in ongoing training to ensure that their values and attention to customer care are demonstrated at all times, including ensuring their staff are trained in the latest medical procedures to provide care for patients in an emergency (Bertrand, 2004) 6) Process As a result of the numerous ways that flights can be booked, there are various different distribution channels for Air France, such as travel agents, their own direct booking service, which is either by telephone or online, as well as their affiliations and partnerships with other airlines and flight related organisations (Shaw, 2007, p.225). These include Hertz car rental and the RATP (Regional operators of local transport in Paris) who will recommend the airline to its customers in a reciprocal arrangement. 7) Physical Evidence This aspect of the 7Ps relates to the overall operating environment and the interaction between this and consumers. For Air France this means the physical aeroplanes, their seating layout and refreshment offerings are the physical evidence of their ability, or not, to deliver to the customers satisfaction. In addition, even before take-off the physical environment for booking in baggage, dealing with queries and customer service desk need to be visually appealing to customers to ensure that they do not have a negative experience with the airline, its staff or its partners. Air France staff have a distinctive uniform, designed by Christian Lacroix in 2005, (Lerpold, 2007, p.174) which they share with other Skyteam Alliance partners, to encourage customers to recognise the solidarity within the industry and to engender the feeling that the service will be standardised to the highest quality throughout their interaction with Air France. Relationship Marketing and Air France For Air France, relationship marketing means ensuring that customers feel that their needs are paramount throughout the whole travel experience, from the initial booking right through to their leaving the airport with their baggage intact as well as encouraging customer feedback with surveys and questionnaires. By developing relationships with frequent flyers and offering them promotions and discounts Air France can ensure that they will return to the airline again and again (Gilbert, 1996). A further benefit of this approach, which should include incorporating opportunities for customer feedback on their flight experience with Air France and demonstrating that the feedback is listened to and acted on is the use of word of mouth (Farrugia Quigley, 2009). In a world of social networking, consumers who have had a positive experience with the airline will encourage friends and colleagues to fly with Air France rather than a cheaper, budget airline, due to the premium service offered which includes the Planete Bleue package, a service specially designed to cater for families with young children and teenagers (www.airfrance.com, 2010) Summary Air Frances strategic partnerships and high commitment to service quality has meant that they have a good reputation with consumers and as such are able to demonstrate high levels of customer loyalty. All of these factors have contributed to make it one of the worlds largest airlines and an attractive partnership option for other airlines and customers.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Black Boy :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Richard Wright’s non-fiction novel Black Boy the main character, Richard, faces many problems that he must deal with. In this book the author writes about his life and hardships. The book starts off with Richard at the young age of four. Black Boy represents the deprivation Wright faces growing up. It shows poverty, hunger, lack of emotional support, miserable living conditions and Richard’s response to these difficulties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Education and acquiring knowledge was a problem that Richard faced in the course of his life and which he emphasized heavily in this book. He was a very curios boy that wanted to learn. He would look at the books of the kids in the neighborhood and ask them what the black print was. He would also question his mother until finally she sat down with him and they read together and he would ask about words. He was enrolled into school but since they were constantly moving he never went one year without his schooling have been broken. At one point his teacher read to him from her novels and his grandmother scorned her and said that was the devils work. This didn’t stop him. He would read novels and not even know enough words for what he was reading to make sense. His quest for literacy was one that he had to deal with alone. He didn’t have much support from his family but he would not give up on furthering his education. The black white issue didn’t affect Richard until later in his life when he started to acknowledge there was such an issue. He wanted to be accepted into society and wanted to change the ways people treated the blacks of the south. He wanted to be equal with the whites and felt that knowledge would bring him closer to them and understand them and how they think.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Richard’s hatred towards his father posed a problem in his earlier life. He felt that his father was a stranger to him since he worked at night and slept during the daytime. He noticed his father’s personality when they were living in a two-room apartment. Richard and his brother had to remain quiet while his father was sleeping. Richard had a tendency to rebel against parental authority. One day him and his brother were playing with a kitten that lingered around the house and their father woke up and told them to either kill the cat or make it leave from the area.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Hypochondriasis as A Mental Disorder Essay -- Psychology Disease Illne

Hypochondriasis as A Mental Disorder Headache = Tumor. Cough = Tuberculosis. Mole = Skin Cancer. Such is the thought process of a hypochodriac. As defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV (DSM-IV), hypochondriasis is an unrealistic interpretation of one's bodily sensations as abnormal, leading to the fear and belief that one has a serious disease (1). This preoccupation with having a serious medical condition is one of the somatoform disorders and may be considered more as a symptom than a disease. In fact, hypochondriacal symptoms often appear as a part of other mental disorders, including forms of depression or schizophrenia (2). For this reason, a close investigation of hypochondriacal behavior is necessary to properly diagnose and treat patients. There are six major components usually associated with these patients: -Misinterpretation of physical symptoms to constitute a serious disease -Persistence of this misinterpretation, regardless of medical reassurance -Preoccupation of lesser intensity than a delusional disorder -Significant distress and social/occupational impairment because of this preoccupation -Disturbance duration of at least 6 months -The ruling out of other anxiety, somatoform, and/or major depressive disorders (3) It is important to note that, while the patient may not be suffering from any major disease, his/her perception of the symptoms is real. Additionally, while hypochondriacs may admit to being overly concerned, they will most likely remain dissatisfied until diagnosed with an illness. For this reason, many hypochondriacs will "shop" for doctors who will provide them with such an answer. The negative implications of this include a strain on the doctor-patient relationsh... ...olmi/chypo.htm 2)Intelihealth: Hypochondriasis , Comprehensive site on hypochondriasis, with material provided by Harvard Medical School http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH?t=10773&p=~br,IHW|~st,8271|~r,WSIHW000|~b,*| 3)Recognizing Hypochondriasis in Primary Care, Report by professors from the Research College of Nursing regarding hypochondria, etiologic theories, forms of the disorder, etc. http://www.springnet.com/springnet_jump.htm 4)Hypochondriasis: A Fresh Outlook on Treatment, Article in the Psychiatric Times concerning treatment options for hypochondriacs http://www.mhsource.com/pt/p980768.jhtml?_requestid=335123 5)Psychiatry Matters: Hypochondriasis, basic site with definitions, symptom descriptions, treatments, etc. http://www.psychiatrymatters.md/International/Authfiles/Error.asp?404;http://www.psychiatrymatters.md/cdt24Aug2001/index.asp Hypochondriasis as A Mental Disorder Essay -- Psychology Disease Illne Hypochondriasis as A Mental Disorder Headache = Tumor. Cough = Tuberculosis. Mole = Skin Cancer. Such is the thought process of a hypochodriac. As defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV (DSM-IV), hypochondriasis is an unrealistic interpretation of one's bodily sensations as abnormal, leading to the fear and belief that one has a serious disease (1). This preoccupation with having a serious medical condition is one of the somatoform disorders and may be considered more as a symptom than a disease. In fact, hypochondriacal symptoms often appear as a part of other mental disorders, including forms of depression or schizophrenia (2). For this reason, a close investigation of hypochondriacal behavior is necessary to properly diagnose and treat patients. There are six major components usually associated with these patients: -Misinterpretation of physical symptoms to constitute a serious disease -Persistence of this misinterpretation, regardless of medical reassurance -Preoccupation of lesser intensity than a delusional disorder -Significant distress and social/occupational impairment because of this preoccupation -Disturbance duration of at least 6 months -The ruling out of other anxiety, somatoform, and/or major depressive disorders (3) It is important to note that, while the patient may not be suffering from any major disease, his/her perception of the symptoms is real. Additionally, while hypochondriacs may admit to being overly concerned, they will most likely remain dissatisfied until diagnosed with an illness. For this reason, many hypochondriacs will "shop" for doctors who will provide them with such an answer. The negative implications of this include a strain on the doctor-patient relationsh... ...olmi/chypo.htm 2)Intelihealth: Hypochondriasis , Comprehensive site on hypochondriasis, with material provided by Harvard Medical School http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH?t=10773&p=~br,IHW|~st,8271|~r,WSIHW000|~b,*| 3)Recognizing Hypochondriasis in Primary Care, Report by professors from the Research College of Nursing regarding hypochondria, etiologic theories, forms of the disorder, etc. http://www.springnet.com/springnet_jump.htm 4)Hypochondriasis: A Fresh Outlook on Treatment, Article in the Psychiatric Times concerning treatment options for hypochondriacs http://www.mhsource.com/pt/p980768.jhtml?_requestid=335123 5)Psychiatry Matters: Hypochondriasis, basic site with definitions, symptom descriptions, treatments, etc. http://www.psychiatrymatters.md/International/Authfiles/Error.asp?404;http://www.psychiatrymatters.md/cdt24Aug2001/index.asp

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Easyjet Casestudy

The elements of marketing process is referred to â€Å"As a set of controllable tools that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market, so it consists of everything the firm can do to influence the demand for its product†( Kotler and Armstrong, Principles of Marketing 2004, Tenth Edition, New Jersey Pearson Education Inc. ). The Elements of Marketing or Marketing mix which is famously known as the â€Å"4P’s of Marketing†( stated by McCarthy in 1960) which include Product, Price, Placement or Place and Promotion. When these elements of marketing are analysed with the Easyjet case study, it gives a good example as how the 4P’s help an organization scale to new heights with increased sales and customer base. They are; Product:- In the respective case study as Easyjet is a airline industry, its main fleet consists of Airbus A320-200, Airbus A319 and Boeing 737-700. Easyjet is a budget airliner and intended to attract business customers and leisure travelers spending lesser time travelling between destinations. The company does not provide complimentary meals or refreshments on board to reduce costs and increase space to accommodate more customers, whereas customers can buy items on board by using Easyjet Bistro (buy on board programme). The onboard programme also helped the airliner to increase its revenue. Easyjet has also got other value added services like Eastcars, Eastjet holidays and Easyjet Hotels. With these services Easyjet can provide one stop shop for its customers, both Business customers as well as travelers on holiday. Price: In generally it is a conception that if a company lowers the price of its product, the organization would have expanded sales. Practically it is an invalid argument as the customers do not decide on price; they do look for other components such as quality, cost effectiveness, time, easy accessibility and value added services with also keeping in mind the customer relation management of a firm. The element â€Å"Price† of marketing mix could be divided into two categories, such as price determination and price administration respectively. Easyjet whose business model is similar to the Southeast airlines of US has kept its prices lower than that of other airlines. Easyjet reduced its prices to accommodate more passengers and to fill out empty seats on the flight. The reduced prices by cost cutting in various areas such as airport charges, direct sales to the customer and also reducing their advertisement costs. The per seat cost was cut down by 16% by increasing the seating density and no business class. Easyjet saved 64% of cost per seat by these strategies, which helped them to reduce their overall prices to the customer. Figure 1. (Referred www. corporate. easyjet. com) Placement/Place: â€Å"Placement or Place under marketing mix involves all company activities that make the product available to targeted customers†(Kotler and Armstrong, 2004). The Easyjet strategy has to serve all big continental European destinations such as Amsterdam, Berlin, Paris, London and many more cities. They are also targeting the Asia Pacific market as there is a potential to grow business. Figure 1. b Promotion: Promotion is nothing but the means in which a company communicates to its customers about their product, values and benefits of a product. Easyjet used various strategies to communicate to their customers. They are: The company has mentioned its website address where ever it can. They have literally put the address on its Boeing 737’s. Easyjet also runs internet promotions on newspapers. Its first promotion was in â€Å"The Times† in February 1999. The result of this promotion ended up with Easyjet selling 20,000 out of its 50,000 seats in the first day and all other seats were sold in next 3 days. Using this strategy the company was able to cut down 250 jobs and saved money. Easyjet also follows first come first serve basis, the following table gives a clear indication. Figure 1. c The website was also used as a tool instead of paying the PR companies. Captions such as â€Å"The web’s favourite airline†, â€Å"Battle with Swissair† and the latest â€Å"come let’s fly†. Easyjet became a house hold name in the United Kingdom as it was listed in a Airline TV series which was aired on TV during 1999 to 2007. (b) Evaluate benefits and costs of marketing orientation for the case organization. Marketing Orientation means how a company develops new product considering the two approaches of orientation, which are product oriented and marketing oriented. Product Orientated† approach means a firm develops product based on its choice or what the company is good at delivering to the customer rather than keeping the customer in mind. This approach is not appreciated in competitive markets and may often lead to unsuccessful venture. â€Å"Marketing Orientated†, in this the businesses analyses the needs and wants of t he customer in developing a product. The product revolves round the information and data provided by research on the customer’s needs and wants and developing a right product. This type of orientation often leads to successful business. Easyjet uses marketing orientated strategy towards its customers into its business. The have researched and came to a conclusion that a business customer or a leisure customer do not like to spend more time in traveling and waiting at the airports. They also used the cost cutting strategy to reduce its cost and their cost expenditure per customer is about 15? per person whereas other competitors spend about 25? on each passenger. This strategy is very successful in the airline industry as there is another example of a similar airliner that operates in the US, called as the South West Airlines. The company is making a gross profit of 15 to 20% annually. The achieve this, they have hollowed various strategies. No refreshments served onboard except for snacks for which the customer has to pay. The above mentioned concept leads towards fewer cabin crews. Business class seats were removed to accommodate more passengers onboard Regional airports were used to reduce airport charges. Direct marketing, use of the internet, and saving commission by selling the tickets directly to the customer. 2. (A) Describe macro and micro environmental factors which influence marketing decisions. The â€Å"Micro Environment†, in these factors influences the business directly. This factor includes suppliers, employers, caterers, Financers and any other stake holders who directly influence the business. The Micro Environmental factors are relationship between the driving forces and the business that controls the above mentioned relationship. The management of the firm controls the relationship between the stake holders and the business. When Easyjet is taken into consideration, the micro environmental factors that influence its business are: Assets: Easyjet owns all of its planes and has complete control over it. They do not take any property or asset on rental basis. They go for 100% ownership. Hence complete control over assets. Employees: Easyjet has fewer staff due to no-flinch strategy onboard. Agents and vendors: Easyjet uses direct selling strategy and does not out source its ticketing or customer service to any other organization which means they have control over marketing and customer relation management. The â€Å"Macro-Environment†, these factors that indirectly influence the business and the company do not have a direct control over these factors. The company need to resolve round these as the company should be in a position to adapt to these factors. The factors include such as Political, environmental, social and technological factors. Easyjet has adapted to these macro factors. By keeping themselves advanced enough in technological factor by consistently upgrading there planes. They also use the internet technology to sell there products to the end users. When it comes to environmental factor, they have adapted a new process called the â€Å"Ecojet† in which they are using new engines which are environmental friendly which would be introduced in 2015. They are well ahead of there competitors like the BA and Ryanair. 2. (B) Propose Segmentation criteria to be used products in different markets. Marketing segmentation is nothing but to target specific customers in the market who give more value to the business. In business market segmentation there are 3 types: Geographic: Includes customer orientation, regional growth rate and macro economic factors. Demographic: â€Å"Includes age, gender, ethnicity, education, occupation, income and family status†. Psychographic: includes values, attitudes, factors such as loyalty and order size. According to the owner of the Easyjet who says that he wants only 6 million customers in a year rather than targeting all 56 million people in Europe to keep his airline seats occupied. Easy marketing segmentation is targeted towards business customer and leisure travelers in Europe. Easyjet flies to all major tourist and business destinations in Europe. Easyjet has segmented or concentrated more on business customer who’s tickets are normally paid by the companies and leisure travelers who fly to major European destinations with travel packages, which include easycar and easyhotel value added services. . (c) Choose and explain targeting strategy for the product/service in the case organization. Targeting strategy may be influenced with the following factors: Maturity of the market. Buyer’s needs and choices. Competition. Number of sales required for profit. In the case study of Easyjet, if you use the above template: When Easyjet entered market it was quiet mature as t hey had stiff competition with Biritish Airways and Ryanair but Easyjet understood the users needs and wants by research. In which they came to a conclusion which notes that business customers prefer cheaper flights for shorter destinations and value added services if customer is looking for leisure travel. Competition was stiff from Ryanair and British Airways, to a get better of these competitors Easyjet user various promotional campaigns using the internet and newspapers. They also used direct selling strategy to have control over there sales and eventually improved the sales. They worked towards having there airline seats filled up on any given day and ensured they pay as less a charge in the airports. 2. D) Demonstrate how buyer behaviour affects marketing activities in different buying situation. Consumer or End user buying behaviour is influenced by the following factors: Social factors. Psychological Factors. Personal factors. Social factors: These are the factors wherein a customer is influenced by other people in the market or other social factors that influence on the customer to accept or de cline the product. In the above case study, Easyjet used some of the captions like â€Å"Battle with Swissair† or â€Å"Low fares needn’t BA con! † on their website. This influenced lot of customer’s visiting Easyjet website. The more customers visited the website the more Easyjet became an household name. Psychological Factor: This factor depends on the individual customer who is influenced by motives, perception, learning, personality and attitude. When Easyjet had majority of users coming to their website, they introduced trivia’s, luck dips and questionnaires on their website which influenced the customer and made kept the users visiting back to the site. In 2002, Five thousand customers won 2000? each using the Easyjet website, but the company had sales over 2 million pounds from the customers who visited during this period. Personal Factors: This factor includes situational, life style and demographic factors. Easyjet entered the market as a low budget airline, which means its main target will be business customers by providing customers with good quality, affordable and quick service. They successfully achieved the above motive. 2. (E) Propose New market positioning for a selected product/service. Easyjet has started its venture in Asia-pacific market. There is a lot of potential in North America and in India. As Business customer in these mentioned countries are frequent flyers and use airways a median of transport for short destinations. Easyjet also has sister companies such as Easycar and Easyhotels which it can utilize in the new markets to stabilize its hold and attract new customers. They could also start a new venture for road transport or have a Joint venture with road transport and railway companies to offer a complete package to both its business and leisure customers. (A) Explain how products are developed to sustain competitive advantage. When a company sets standards and bench marks in a particular business over its competitors, is known as competitive advantage. All the companies work towards having a competitive advantage in the market. According to Michael Porter there are two types of competitive advantage, cost advantage and differentiation advantage. Cost Advantage: This advantage is gained by a company when it delivers similar products or services as their rivals at a lower cost. Easyjet attained this advantage by flying to the same destinations but at a lower cost as it is a budget airliner when compared with other airlines such as British Airways, Lufthansa and Air France. Differentiation Advantage: When a company provides value added services and a better overall package to the end users at the same price as provided by the competitors in the market. Easyjet has always aimed at providing value for money for its customers by punctual flights and flexibility to the customers. Easyjet and Ryanair have similar price tags on their tickets but Easyjet flies to major European destinations whereas Ryanair lands at airports of smaller cities. (B) Explain how distribution is arranged to provide customer service. Distribution is a important part of marketing strategy. Distribution is the channel in which the company supplies or provides its products or services to its customers. The main functions of Distribution are Information (Market planning), Promotion (Spreading information and offers about the product), Contact (Communicating with buyers), Matching (Adjusting offers to fit customers’ needs and wants), Negotiation, Physical distribution (transportation) and financing. Easyjet uses a distribution channel called â€Å"Direct marketing†, as the company wants to reduce its costs by avoiding resellers and distribution partners. This approach of Easyjet has ensured that their ticket selling price to the customers is reduced and they also have a direct control over sales. The company also handles its own customer service. 3. (c) Explain how prices are set to reflect an organisation’s objectives and market conditions. Easyjet follows penetrating price strategy, wherein they have reduced the price towards the customers needs and wants. Here leaser the price the more demand for the product or service. Easy jet have also reduced their costs to gain more profits, hence lesser they spend the more profit they have. 3. (d) Illustrate how promotional activity is integrated to achieve marketing objectives. There are two main kinds of promotional strategy named a push strategy and pull strategy. Push strategy is a form of promotional activity wherein the company promotes the products to wholesalers and retailers. Whereas in pull strategy the company promotes the products or services directly to the customers. Easyjet is a service industry and also believed in direct marketing uses the pull strategy to communicate with its customers. The various forms of communications they followed were: The company has mentioned its website address and phone number where ever it can. They have literally put the address on its Boeing 737’s. Easyjet also runs internet promotions on newspapers. Its first promotion was in â€Å"The Times† in February 1999. The result of this promotion ended up with Easyjet selling 20,000 out of its 50,000 seats in the first day and all other seats were sold in next 3 days. Using this strategy the company was able to cut down 250 jobs and saved money. Easyjet also follows first come first serve basis, the following table gives a clear indication. The website was also used as a tool instead of paying the PR companies. Captions such as â€Å"The web’s favourite airline†, â€Å"Battle with Swissair† and the latest â€Å"come let’s fly†. Easyjet became a house hold name in the United Kingdom as it was listed in an Airline TV series which was aired on TV during 1999 to 2007.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Tattoo Inform. Speech Outline

Title: Artistic Freedom of Speech l. Introduction A. Attention-getter: One in five U. S. adults now has a tattoo. Tattoos have been around for centuries and have different purposes all around the world. B. Significance: After my speech, the audience will have a better knowledge on why people get tattoos. C. Credibility: I have researched information based on this topic. D. Thesis Statement: To inform my audience on the reasons people get a tattoo and discuss some examples. E. Preview: A. Honor B. Religion C. Obsession II. Body A.The Samoan Islands have a long history of tattooing that dates back to encourages here the word tattoo is believed to have originated from. Hinduism tattooing and there is no prohibition. However, in Islam, tattoos are not only from being at peace with forbidden but they are believed to â€Å"prevent someone god. † 2. Some people get religious tattoos Just to snow ott their beliets. These people were not forced by their religion to get a tattoo. Some e xamples include: Christianity- crosses, bibles verses, rosary, or images of God or other religious figures. Judaism- Star of David or hebrew writing, Buddhist- buddhas or lotus flowers.Transition: We now know why people get tattoos for dedication or religious urposes. C. Finally, another reason why people get a tattoo is because of obsession. 1 . People will become so obsessed with someone or something, that they will go as far as to getting it tattooed on their skin. For example, someone obsessed with the zodiac might go get their zodiac symbol tattooed on them. Someone obsessed Michael Jackson, might get his face or song with a cartoon or celebrity such as lyrics tattooed on themselves. 2. Tattoos are also favored for making a fashion statement. Someone obsessed with permanent makeup.If you beauty might get cosmetic tattooing, also known as sing real tattoo ink. A lip tattoo make your lips look thicker. have faint eyebrows, you can get them filled in can add definition to the lip outline and your more. 3. Another form of obsession involving tattoos could be that once you get first tattoo, you want to go back to the tattoo shop and keep getting Transition: I have now informed you and on three reasons why people might get tattoos. As well as discuss some examples to help the audience understand. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 11†². Conclusion Many people get tattoos for different reasons.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Distribution Of Mrsa And Mssa Health And Social Care Essay

Controling MRSA and MSSA remains a primary focal point of most hospital infection control plans, these pathogens now a job in infirmaries worldwide and progressively recovered from nursing places and the community. Bacterial strain typing distinguishes epidemiologically related or clonal isolates from unrelated isolates Strain word picture is indispensable in set uping the epidemiologic features of nosocomial infections and in planing effectual control methods Using a combination of several methods increases the specificity and sensitiveness of epidemiologic typewriting. The function of strain typing methods is to find whether epidemiologically related isolates are besides genetically related, stand foring the same strain. The consequences obtained by typing methods are besides supplying valuable cognition about the epidemiology of MRSA and MSSA and the relationship between genome content and virulency strains. To find the national prevalence and epidemiology of S. aureus and MRSA colonisation in several infirmaries and wellness attention centres. To find the prevalence of a MRSA colonisation and infection among the staff of whose covering with MRSA infections. To measure schemes to forestall recurrent MRSA infections and transmittal of MRSA in these infirmaries and wellness attention centres and close-contact scenes To measure the molecular features of epidemic MRSA strains including opposition mechanisms and virulency traits. To constructing a national library ( data base ) of MRSA strains to place familial forms or relationships among different types MRSA that could be used to inform bar and control schemes. To measure the efficaciousness of infection control†¦ †¦ .Methodology:Protocol design: The survey will be conducted in three stairss: ( I ) a local survey qualifying MRSA and MSSA isolates collected from infirmaries and wellness attention centres in coveted location, allowing the acknowledgment of the major MRSA and MSSA ringers ; ( two ) a countrywide survey of the spread of the major ringer ; ( three ) a worldwide survey comparing the features and familial content of the major pandemic MRSA and MSSA ringers found in this protocol with informations in the literature.4.2 Designation of isolatesNasal, pharynx swabs and blood will be obtained from representative staff and patients ( including bad patients in special-care units ( e.g. grownup, paediatric, and neonatal ICUs ; burn ; haemodialysis in add-on to outpatients from each infirmary and wellness centre included in this protocol. MRSA and MSSA designation will be performed by utilizing standard methods harmonizing to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute recommendations ( CLSI. 2007 ) . Phenotypically confirmed isolates will be reconfirmed by sensing Sa442 and mecA DNA fragment for MSSA and MRSA severally by PCR, originally described by ( Martineau et al. , 1998 ) is a popular DNA mark for designation of S. aureus by PCR and will be used as a verification tool for all samples in this survey.4.3 Antimicrobial Susceptibility TestingAntibiograms will be determined by disc diffusion on Mueller-Hinton agar harmonizing to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards ( NCCLS 2007 ) . The undermentioned antimicrobic agents will be included: penicillin, oxacillin, Garamycin, clindamycin, Erythrocin, Vancocin and daptomycin. ( These antibiotic can modified harmonizing different infirmaries and wellness centres demands )4.4 Genotypic analysis:4.4.1 DNA extraction:Genomic DNA will be extracted from staphylococcal positive civilizations by utilizing the undermentioned methods: a loop full of bacteriums is picked from home base and transferred to 1 milliliters PBS buffer and extractor at 14000rpm for 5 min. Supernatant is discarded and the pellet is re-suspension in 100 µl TE 10:1, this suspension will be boiled at 95C for 10 proceedingss and reassign straight to ice and 1ml of TE 10:1 will be added as concluding measure. The sensing of staphylococcal toxin cistrons: staphylococcal superantigen ( SAg ) Sequences specific for staphylococcal enterotoxin cistrons ( sea to see ) , the toxic daze syndrome toxin cistron ( tsst-1 ) , exfoliative toxin cistrons ( Basque Homeland and Freedom and etb ) and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin ( PVL ) cistrons ( lukS-PV-lukF-PV ) will be detected by PCR with the undermentioned conditions and primers: an initial denaturation at 94 & A ; deg ; C for 5 min followed by 35 rhythms of elaboration ( denaturation at 94 & A ; deg ; C for 2 min, tempering at 57 & A ; deg ; C for 2 min, and extension at 72 & A ; deg ; C for 1 min ) , stoping with a concluding extension at 72 & A ; deg ; C for 7 min. ( This portion is non necessary†¦ †¦ .. )Detection of Antiseptic cistrons cistrons4.4.3 Determination of SCCmec type.Typing of the nomadic familial component ( SCCmec ) will be determined utilizing a antecedently published manifold PCR scheme that generated a specific elaboration form for each SCCmec structural type4.4.5 Multilocus sequence typing MLSTMRSA isolates will be genitically characterized by Multilocus sequence typewriting ( MLST ) , which is based on the sequence analysis of defined subdivisions of seven housekeeping cistrons. ( Sequencing of both DNA strands will be performed commercially ) . The allelomorphs at each of the seven housekeeping venues were identified by compa ring the sequences obtained from the trial isolates with sequences held in the MLST database ( hypertext transfer protocol: // saureus.mlst.net ) . This database was besides used to place the allelomorphic profile and therefore the sequence type ( ST ) of each isolate. STs were assigned to clonal composites ( CCs ) utilizing the constellating algorithm eBURST ( based upon related sequence types ) ( Feil et al. , 2004 ; hypertext transfer protocol: // eburst.mlst.net ) . Using eBURST, isolates with specific STs are assigned to a peculiar CC if they are related to at least one other ST in that CC at six out of the seven MLST venue used. Isolates that do non portion allelomorphs at six of the seven MLST venue with any other ST in the MLST database are deemed singletons.4.4.6 spa typewriting:watering place typewriting will be performed as described by Shopsin et al. , 1999, this strategy relies on the polymorphism of the variable-number tandem repetition part of the spa cistron. Strains will be categorized as indistinguishable on the footing of an indistinguishable watering place type appellation ( Shopsin et al. , 1999 ) . PCR for elaboration of the S. aureus protein A ( watering place ) repetition part will be performed by utilizing this primer F: 5†²- TAA AGA CGA TCC TTC GGT GAG C -3 ‘ and R: 5'-CAG CAG TAG TGC CGT TTG CTT -3 ‘ With these PCR conditions: an initial denaturation at 94 & A ; deg ; C for 5 min followed by 35 rhythms of elaboration ( denaturation at 94 & A ; deg ; C for 2 min, tempering at 57 & A ; deg ; C for 2 min, and extension at 72 & A ; deg ; C for 1 min ) , stoping with a concluding extension at 72 & A ; deg ; C for 7 min. ( O?O ­O?O §O ¬ O?O?O?USU„ ) PCR merchandises will be purified and sequenced. A spa type is deduced from the sequence and figure of spa repetitions, which are generated by point mutants and intra chromosomal recombination events. Mutant of a individual base brace consequences in a different watering place type. With the BURP algorithm ( Ridom GmbH ) , spa types were clustered into different groupsEfficacy of the Infection Control plan:The efficaciousness of the infection control will be evaluated by utilizing the standards listed in table 1, in add-on to proving the ability of this infection control plan to: Surveillance of hospital infection. Constitution and monitoring of policies and processs designed to forestall infection ( e.g. catheter attention policy, antibiotic policy and bactericidal policy ) . Probe of eruptions beginning and paths of transmittal.S.aureus surveillance:AS surveillance is a critically of import constituent of any infection control plan, the clinical microbiology research lab consequences obtained as portion of everyday clinical attention will be monitored leting sensing of any freshly emerging strain.Statistical analysis:Differences between groups will be assessed utilizing the qi square trial. P values of 0.05 will be considered statistically important. Eventuality tabular arraies will be used to compare the prevalence of a peculiar cistron type between clonal composites. Expected consequences: Strain typewriting is indispensable in set uping the epidemiologic features of nosocomial infections and in planing infection control methods. The function of strain typing methods is to find whether epidemiologically related isolates are besides genetically related or stand foring the same strain. Multilocus sequence typewriting ( MLST ) is a new molecular technique that was developed ab initio for S aureus. It is based on placing allelomorphs from DNA sequences of internal fragments of housekeeping cistrons. Multilocus sequence typewriting has been successfully used for the survey of molecular epidemiology and for the geographic expedition of the population construction and development of virulency of assorted bacterial species. Because there are many allelomorphs at each of the 7 venue, it is improbable to hold indistinguishable allelomorphic profiles by opportunity, and isolates with the same allelomorphic profile can be considered members of the same ringer. The major advantages of MLST are the ability to compare consequences obtained in different surveies via computerized databases on the Internet and the installation to readily compare sequence informations among research labs. The end of strain typing surveies is to find whether epidemiologically related isolates collected during an eruption of disease are genetically related and represent the same strain. The usage of strain typing consequences in infection control determinations is based on the undermentioned 3 premises: ( 1 ) isolates stand foring the eruption are recent offspring of a individual ( common ) precursor, ( 2 ) such isolates will hold the same genotype, and ( 3 ) epidemiologically unrelated isolates will hold different genotypes. Health centre A Health centre B Example of distribution of isolates within clonal composites. . MLST CC terminology was deduced from watering place CCs utilizing the Ridom SpaServer database. CC30 was overrepresented strains from Health centre B, CC8 was overrepresented among isolates from Health centre A, and CC5 included merely Health centre A. Example of eventuality tabular arraies will be used to compare the prevalences of a peculiar cistron type between clonal composites. Here merely agr and superantigens genens were included in this illustration and this tabular array applicable for all virulency cistrons. Example of MLST, SCCmec type, and staphylococcal toxin cistrons in MRSA isolates distributed among hdfjkfh

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Marketing Myopia Essay

Industries growth has stopped due to the failure of management the top executives, railroad business because they focus on sciences not on the customers. To keep growing industries must focus on customers’ needs and wants then solely on their products. Many companies are endangering their business due to improper defining of their purposes. DuPont, corning and aluminum industry flourished because they were customer oriented. Taking example of Dry cleaning; has reduced in a remarkable way and may sooner be diminished. Grocery stores have been replaced by super markets. There is nothing like a growth industry but there is an expansion that is because the companies organize themselves to create growth opportunities. Self-deceiving cycle has four conditions. 1. Growth is due to increase in population. 2. Believing that there will be no substituent for any major product. 3. Mass production and declining unit cost for output increase. 4. Preoccupation with a product. The belief that increasing customers will increase your business have a negative impact as you will yourself not bother to expand your business. The petroleum industry thinks that there is no competitor as there is no substitute of oil but many refineries have such huge stock of oil that they can be a threat. Firstly the crude oil was greatly demanded as kerosene was used for lamps until the bulb was invented and the heaters were started with coal burns. If the company would have been product oriented the business would be ended but they started refining the crude oil and made uses out of each product of crude oil. Oil has proved to be the strongest growth and millions of barrels is consumed daily. Production pressure to some companies such as advertisement and commercials are sometimes this much great that they try to get aid of it. But in all this we forget marketing and focus on the needs of seller and marketing fulfill the customer need. Industries now spend billions of rupees in consumer preference and fulfilling their ideas out of Chevrolet’s 7000 dealers only 57 provide night maintenance service. Ford invented the assembly line and reduced the cost of production and sold millions of $500 cars. Survival needs a change. Consumer needs change and if a company does not provide it they lose. With the wider perspective the CEOs have to recheck on their vision and the selection of the proper targeted market. This was seems to be successful as the organization was able to find out some opportunities that were initially unseen. This is also helpful in predicting the future progress with the help of business prediction techniques that are currently available. To rise above the myopia one should have his main focus on the strategies and predictive techniques that are used to gain hold on the opportunities. And mainly focus on the customer’s lifetime value. This will maintain the long term profit objectives.

A Dolls House Reaction

Reaction Paper on A Dolls House There has never been a shortage of literature with gender roles as a main topic, and A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen is one of the premier works on the subject. Known for being startlingly ahead of its time, this play holds a firm spot in literary history and has been adapted in live theatre countless times over the past century. The dogma of what is proper and expected of both men and women for no other reason than their gender is questioned by Ibsen in a tongue-in-cheek sort of way, and his whimsical haracters cause viewers and readers to think about how relevant the topic of gender roles are today; perhaps even more so than when this play was first written. Ibsen provokes questions as to the roles of men and women in both a social and domestic setting and leads audiences to believe there is more to this complex subject than what lies on the surface of the everyday man and woman couple. The title of the play is the first clue as to the content. Dolls are toys meant for little girls and are mainly meant to be spruced up and look pretty, which fits perfectly with how Torvald elieves his little lark or his little squirrel should be. Torvald hides his belittlement with these terms of endearment and this creates a false image of love, Just like one would see as a scene inside a doll house. Nora believes he loves her unquestioningly and completely, and her actions are motivated by this belief in his love. She says to Dr. Rank at one point: miou know how devotedly, how inexpressibly deeply Torvald loves me; he would never for a moment hesitate to give his life for me. (House pg. 795). But in reality, Torvald cares more about his own image and the false respect he gets from others than he does about the overall wellbeing of his family and wife. To Torvald, the appearance of the dolls and their house is more important than anything else. The social role of women in cultures across the world has varied greatly. Some cultures have had women leading them for many years; other more male-dominated cultures cringe at the very idea of being subservient to a woman. Torvald cannot stand the idea of owing anything of importance to a woman, even his wn wife, the one person he should be able to show vulnerability to rely on as a companion. His male-driven ego puts the import of his image above even his love for his wife, which should be paramount to all things. Torvald exposes himself as a weak and cowardly man, bankrupt of moral fiber and substance, which Nora proves to be so much more than how she is first viewed. She rises above the adversities of the play and proves to be intelligent, resourceful, and able to make difficult decisions because she believes them to be right and good even though they cause her uffering. These two characters show a complete flip in role as Nora being the truly complex and human character while Torvald is shallow, conceited, and Just an abysmal excuse for a person. Ibsen shows desirable character traits are not specific to gender, and even when the most terrible conflicts arise there is no telling for certain who will snow their true and radiant colors, regardless ot gender. Another thing to consider is Just how much Nora sacrifices by the end of the play, while Torvald Jumps ship when he is first made aware of trouble. Nora is motivated by true ove to give up fancy clothes, to risk her name and reputation, and even precious time spent with her children and husband in order to save Torvalds life even though she never thinks the time will come when he should be made aware of her efforts and sacrifices. She silently takes the extra work in stride and even manages to trick her husband to buy into her false image of being a spendthrift, all so she can save his life. She even gives up her children, whom she loves to no end, because she truly believes their caretaker will be able to raise them into better people. Nora is willing to sacrifice her own happiness for the sake of her family throughout the entire play, and this shows incredible strength of character that any person, man or woman, should be Jealous of and strive to achieve. How many people would be able to deal with the kind of responsibility and burden she does without even the luxury of telling anyone about the situation for such a long time? By the end of the play, Ibsen has effectively flipped the typical role of man and woman even by todays cultures standards, though it is much more accepted now than it was in the past. Remembering the time frame in which this play was originally written speaks for itself in showing Just how ahead of its time this literary piece was. Nora walks out of her doll house and stakes her claim to independence as a woman and a human being, not with any malicious intent in her heart, but with the desire to pursue her own happiness. She considers these duties to herself Just as sacred as being a wife and a mother (House pg. 815). Her entire view of where her place in life is changes when she sees Torvald for how he is on the inside, and she begins to realize she is ot happy and never was. It comes time for her to take her life into her own hands and experience things without the tether of what a woman should be based on the declarations of a domineering male society. Ibsens genius seems like the normal views of todays standards, but the fact remains that he wrote this play back in 1879 when the roles of men and women were much more set in stone and had distinguished forms and etiquette. Women were seen as shallow, emotional, and incapable of dealing with serious issues while men were the true accomplishers and uilders of society.

Friday, September 13, 2019

ON THE BUS WITH ROSA PARKS RESEARCH PAPER Essay

ON THE BUS WITH ROSA PARKS RESEARCH PAPER - Essay Example y cello in her high school band and visit the White House for the first time in her senior year of high school as a Presidential Scholar (â€Å"Rita Dove†, 2005). Her education included graduating summa cum laude from Miami University in Ohio, two years studying in Germany, taking a Master’s from the University of Iowa and then moving on to teach creative writing at Arizona State University. She had already gained some public recognition through magazines and anthologies before she published her first collection of poetry in 1980. Her third collection won the Pulitzer Prize in 1987. Her career has also included short stories, plays and text for orchestral music (â€Å"Rita Dove†, 2005). Although prolific in her writing, Dove says she doesn’t derive inspiration from any one thing. â€Å"If you wait for inspiration, inspiration’s going to go away and look for more fertile ground to work with† (â€Å"An Online Interview†, 1994). Asked in the same interview for advice for budding writers, Dove adds, â€Å"they can only write what they feel. That doesn’t mean they have to experience it, but to write something because someone else thinks its right, to write for PC reasons, to write because you think you ought to be dealing with this subject, is never going to yield anything that is really going to matter to anyone else.† To understand Dove’s inspirations for poems such as those found in her collection On the Bus with Rosa Parks, it is thus necessary to examine the poems themselves. On the Bus with Rosa Parks is a collection of free verse poems that are loosely connected by the characters featured and the experiences shared. The book has a logical progression. It starts with the individual Lucille as she struggles to give birth alone in her Depression-era home after having been abandoned (temporarily) by her husband Joe. As it develops, Dove increasingly brings in greater involvement with the external world as the children of Lucille and Joe increase

Thursday, September 12, 2019

Impact of the new English as a Second Language Curricula Research Proposal

Impact of the new English as a Second Language Curricula - Research Proposal Example The school district has recently implemented new English as a Second Language curricula in its elementary, middle, and high schools. Implementation has been quite expensive, involving the purchase of instructional materials and computer software, teacher and staff training, and the use of consultants to guide implementation. The district would like to study the effectiveness of the new curricula, looking at issues such as the impact on student English. language proficiency, student academic progress overall, student, family, and teacher satisfaction with the curricula, and implementation issues. This investigation will attempt to answer the following research questions: 1. Is there student satisfaction with the new ESL curricula in Eastside District high schools? 2. Is there family satisfaction with the new ESL curricula in Eastside District high schools? 3. Is there teacher satisfaction with the new ESL curricula in Eastside District high schools? 4. Is there overall satisfaction wi th the new ESL curricula in Eastside District high schools? 5. Which aspect/s of the new ESL curricula provide the most satisfaction? 6. Which aspect/s of the new ESL curricula provide the least satisfaction? In order to answer these research questions, this study will test the following research hypotheses: 1. It is hypothesized that students are satisfied with the new ESL curricula. 2. It is hypothesized that families are satisfied with the new ESL curricula. 3. It is hypothesized that teachers are satisfied with the new ESL curricula. 4. It is hypothesized that a number of aspects of the new ESL curricula need to be focused on and improved. II. Research Design This research study will use a descriptive survey approach in order to determine the level of satisfaction of teachers, students, and families utilizing the new ESL curricula. A descriptive research design usually answers the question â€Å"what is† and is, therefore, appropriate research design for the investigation at hand since the investigation is interested in finding out what the level of satisfaction is among stakeholders of the new ESL curricula (Creswell, 2003). III. Setting and Sample The research study will be conducted at six randomly selected Eastside District High Schools, High School A, High School B, High School C, High School D, High School E, and high School F. These high schools will be chosen using stratified random sampling. First, a list of all High Schools from the Eastside District will be acquired.  

Wednesday, September 11, 2019

Does the ultra vires doctrine provide the best justification for Essay

Does the ultra vires doctrine provide the best justification for judicial review in the British constitution - Essay Example Accordingly, the preservation of separation of powers is essential as a check on autocratic power. As such, the doctrine of ultra vires is theoretically vital in serving as a testament to the independence of the judiciary in its role under the fundamental constitutional separation of powers in ensuring that public bodies, such as government departments, local authorities, tribunals, agencies have not acted ultra vires5. Moreover, the ultra vires doctrine is cited as the first principle of natural justice and the rule of law that public bodies are required to act within the scope of the powers allocated to them by Parliament6. The incorporation of the European Convention of the Human Rights (implemented through the Human Rights Act 1998) further requires judicial review to ensure that public authorities do not â€Å"act in a way which is incompatible with a convention right7†. Indeed, Doctor Yardley asserts that judicial review is â€Å"the ultimate safeguard for the ordinary citizen against unlawful action by †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.the more powerful administration8†. Alternatively it has been argued that the ultra vires doctrine is inherently limited by enabling a process by which courts scrutinise and consider the validity of the manner in which public authorities have made a decision9. The essence of judicial review is to ensure that public authorities act appropriately in exercising their duty10 regardless of the merits of the decision, which in itself begs the question as to the efficacy of the judiciary’s role under the separation of powers to truly act as a curb on the legitimacy of abuses of power by the executive11. This is further compounded by the fact that the judiciary has evolved and expanded the parameters of the ultra vires doctrine on an ad hoc basis in order to circumvent the inherent limitations of judicial review12.

Tuesday, September 10, 2019

The Airline Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Airline Industry - Essay Example It is very important for any organization to consider the PESTEL analysis before it can engage in marketing its products. This is more important in that it allows companies to plan their future. PESTEL analysis describes a series of macro-environmental factors, which are used in environmental planning. This paper looks at the impacts of government intervention in the airline industry in using PESTEL. It is very important of external analysis when doing a market research since it gives an overview of the different macroeconomic factors, which the industry has to take into consideration. Some of the Political factors considered are the taxation policy in the industry, the laws related to employment, trade restrictions, and regulations on the environment, tariffs, and political stability in the industry. Economic factors considered in this case are economic growth of the industry, changes in interest rates, changes in exchange rates of the industry, and the rate of inflation that affects the industry (Zhou, & Stuart 2008). Social factors considered in their case includes, cultural concepts of the entire industry, health consciousness of the industry, the rate of growth of the population, the distribution of age, careers attitudes in the industry and emphasis laid on safety in the airline industry. Technological factors are also considered in this case and includes environmental and ecological aspects, which determines the barrier to entry in the industry, the minimum level of efficiency and production in the industry which effect outsourcing decisions. Moreover, technology factors cover research and development activities the level of technology and automation incentives used in the industry rate at which technology changes in the industry (Sajeev 2012). PESTEL is a way of analyzing the different environments that affect the industry. Pestel deals with

Monday, September 9, 2019

PR Activity & Promotional Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

PR Activity & Promotional Assessment - Essay Example Marketing guru Philip Kotler also has developed several pages in his bestseller "Marketing Management" to the centrality of customer in affecting brand-building/ PR exercise. Thus, any definition of PR has to come from a customer point-of-view itself. No major organisation of today, can survive without at least a few members of their team, dedicated to launching PR initiatives in order to give the organisation, a certain recognition in the area where it wants its influence to spread, or to be maintained. The purpose and scope of PR can be applied to a multitude of organisations; Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, gives an all-inclusive list in this way (webpage on PR): 3. NGO's such as schools, hospitals, orphanages, etc. use PR as a means to draw awareness to their cause, and appeal to the heartstrings of charitable people in order to establish funds. 4. Politicians use PR exercises, in order to extract votes, or to push new measures. President Bush once came under criticism for spending nearly $2.2 million on his campaign to overhaul US social security (Common Dreams News Centre). In order to grasp the finer elements of PR's nature, it is useful to corroborate information from a PR consultant itself. Sunday Odedele, Managing Director of a Lagos-based PR agency, looks at his profession from the angle of "philosophy" (webpage). Odedele reasons that PR is "human-centric", since the process of maintaining a brand-conscious image stems from the basic human approach to transmit social signals by means of communication, he explores the nature of the PR exercise from the vantage point of core philosophy. Enumerating basic human needs as "survival, health, freedom, fellowship, self respect, knowledge, fulfilment, and happiness", he unconditionally mentions that these needs must be fully-accounted for in any endeavour of a PR initiative, because ignoring them would

Sunday, September 8, 2019

Women getting the Death pentaly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women getting the Death pentaly - Essay Example What is death penalty? According the American Heritage Dictionary of English Language (2000), death penalty refers to, â€Å"a sentence of punishment by execution.† In legal terms, death penalty is synonymous to capital punishment. Capital punishment means it is the most serious punishment that one can be accorded. Death penalty is often imposed on offenders of murder and mutiny whose cases have been proven beyond reasonable doubts. The execution of offenders on death row may be done through, lethal injection, electorocution, shooting and hanging among other methods. The execution methods vary from one country to the other. In America, lethal injection and electrocution methods are commonly used. Having explicated death penalty, it is safe to delve into discussing whether women should be accorded the same or not. Statistics indicate that there has been gender biasness in imposing death penalties on capital offenders with women being the beneficiaries of the partiality. Accord ing to Death Penalty Information Centre (2012), â€Å"death sentencing rate and death row population has remained small for women as compared to men; from 1973 to 2011, 174 death penalties have been imposed upon female offenders, constituting 2% of all death sentences in America.† Out of the 174 only 12 of them have been actually executed between, 1973-2011; the remaining 162 are still on a death row. Statistics unveils gender disparity in imposing death penalties. Barron (2006) admits that there is favoritism in death sentencing between men and women; he observes that demographics on men versus women death row prisoners reveal that men suffer more death penalties than women. Is this really fair? Why the favoritism? The society has witnessed a long struggle to liberate women from derogatory and oppressive chains of male chauvinism. Today, there are high degrees of women and girl child empowerment, and the equality is steadily being realized, safe for a few rigid societies. Me n and women

Saturday, September 7, 2019

Biosocial Development Child Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biosocial Development Child Psychology - Essay Example (Kathleen). In the natural process of developing self-esteem, the child's primary motivation is intrinsic which derives from within the self. Therefore, children take pleasure in learning, playing, performing tasks etc when they set the goal for themselves rather than somebody else sets expected behavior for. Children enjoy a game for the sake of its fun and not for the rewards or scores they achieve for completing it. Thus, it is unwise on the part of adults to praise the child or offer some expected awards while the activity or the performance is on the process. The desirable behavior for the adults is to praise the child on the performance or complement it with some unexpected awards which will boost up their emotional feeling and self-esteem. There have been research evidences to prove that the extrinsic rewards and praises emasculate the child's intrinsic motivation. (Kathleen). The natural emotional regulation of the child is decisive in the development of its future emotional control.

Friday, September 6, 2019

How Piagets theories support universal preK in the US Essay Example for Free

How Piagets theories support universal preK in the US Essay Jean Piaget is famous for developing one of the most influential theory, the theory of cognitive development. The theory is mainly concerned with the construction and emergence of schemata which comprises the schemes of how a person does perceive the world especially during the developmental stages when the children are gaining new means of mentally expressing information. The theory is considered constructivist in opposition to other theories which could be either nativist or empiricists, (Brainerd, C. 1978). The theory proposes that we do get to construct our cognitive abilities through the self-motivated action in ones world. The nativist theory on the other hand asserts that cognitive development is the unfolding of innate abilities and knowledge while empiricist theories defines cognitive development as a gradual process in which knowledge is acquired through experience, (Brainerd, C.J. Reyna, V.F 2002). For this theory, Piaget won the Erasmus prize. There are four main periods that Piaget used to describe the schemes that children make use of to understand the world, (Gallagher, J.M. Reid, D.K. 1981). Four stages as described by Piaget’s. Sensorimotor period. This occurs at the age of 0 to 2 years, (Piaget, J. 1929). According to Piaget, children are born with a congenital reflexes which permits them to float in the dense world beyond their drive to explore the world around them. The initial schemes that the children have at this stage is all based on the differentiation of their congenital reflexes. Since this is the first of the four stages according to Piaget it marks an important stage in which the child develops spatial abilities to understand the world in six different stages, (Piaget, J. 1929). These stages include; †¢ The reflex scheme stage that takes place from birth to one month. It is primarily associated with the development of reflexes. †¢ Primary circular reaction stage is the second stage that occurs from one month to four month. It is primarily associated with the development of habits. †¢ The secondary circular reactions phase forms the third stage. It occurs from the fourth month to the eighth month and is primarily associated with the development of vision and prehension coordination, (hand-eye coordination). †¢ The fourth sub stage is concerned with the development of the object permanence development. It is generally called the coordination of secondary course round modest circular reactions stage and occurs from the eighth month to the twelfth month. †¢ The tertiary circular reactions phase is what Piaget suggested to the fifth sub stage from twelve to eighteen months. This is the stage that Piaget suggested that the ‘little scientist’ is born through active creativity and experimentation. †¢ The sixth final sub stage here is characterized by the beginning of symbolic representation and it occurs from the eighteen months to twenty four months. At this stage the new found means of considering before taking an action gives the child new ways of eventually achieving a goal without having to go for the trial and error experiment, (Gallagher, J.M. Reid, D.K. 1981). preoperational stage This is the second of four main stages of cognitive development. Piaget demonstrated that a qualitative psychological functioning does occur as the child approaches the end of second year. According to Piaget, a preparatory thought is any particular procedure that promotes mental action on objects. The main hallmark in this stage is logically inadequate and sparse mental operations, (Flavell 1963). It is at this stage that the child learns to repress and use objects by words and images, that is symbolic thinking is evident. Since the child still has difficult of adopting other people’s viewpoint, thinking is still egocentric. It as it this stage that the child has the potential to classify similar objects together trough a single feature such as color or shape, (Brainerd, C. 1978). Piaget suggested that this stage which immediately follows Sensorimotor stage occurs between 2-7 years of stage. It at this stage that children develop their language skills and thus they begin expressing things using images and words. Worth noting here is the child relies more on intuition that the logical reasoning at this stage. At the beginning, there are more egocentric since they are not yet aware that other people are not thinking or perceiving things in the same way like they do. It at this time that their imaginative mind is very active and they thus associate emotions to certain inanimate objects, (Piaget, J. 1929). This stage is further broken down into Preconceptual stage and the Intuitive stage. The Preconceptual stage occurs at the stage of 2-4 years and is mainly characterized by egocentric thinking as well as animistic thought. A child with animistic thought is one who has the tendency to assign attributes of living things to inanimate objects such as the perception that a glass does feel pain when it is broken. The intuitive stage that occurs between the forth year to the seventh year is characterized by the potential child who is actively solving problems through the mental process. Though at this stage they do manage to achieve some goals, they are however unaware on how they achieved their conclusion. A simple example is when a child is able to correctly identify the majority from the minority just by the virtual of sight. An example is when a child is presented with seven dogs and maybe 2 cats and he/she is asked if there are more dogs that cats. As expected the child would respond positively but will also commit a logical error if supposedly asked the same question in the same way but differently such as if there are more dogs that animal, (Brainerd, C. 1978). The child will most likely respond by saying yes thus showing the use intuition at this stage. An important observation by Piaget is that children mainly learn through play and imitation through these first two stages, (Gallagher, J.M. Reid, D.K. 1981).. Concrete operational stage This is the third of the four stages in Piaget’s cognitive development theory. It follows preoperational stage and is suggested to occur between the age of 7 to 11 years, (Piaget, J. 1929). It is characterized by the appropriate use of logic and at this stage some of the important processes that have been identified include; †¢ Seriation, which is the ability to sort different objects based on shape, size or other characteristic. A good example is the potential to differentiate color gradient. †¢ Classification-the ability of the child to identify and name sets of objects based on size, appearance as well as other characteristics that may suggest that one object may include another. †¢ Decentering-this is a process where the child is able to take into account multiple aspects of a problem towards solving it. An example is the change in perception where a child will no longer will no longer hold the perception that an exceptionally wide yet short cup will hold less amount that one that is normally tall and wide. †¢ Reversibility-where the young one is able to comprehend that objects and numbers can be altered and eventually returned back their original state. Thus the child will be able to comprehend that since 3+3= 6, then 6-3=3. †¢ Conservation- the ability to understand that length, quantity or number of items is basically mot related to their appearance or arrangement. †¢ Elimination of egocentricim- this is the ability of the child to understand and view things from another perspective even though they may think incorrectly. Formal operational stage This is the fourth and the final stage in cognitive development according to Piaget’ theory. It starts at around 12 years of age soon after the Concrete Operational stage and continues all the way to adulthood, (Ashurst 1985). It is the stage that is characterized with the ability to reason logically, think abstractly, and be able to draw conclusions from the available information. It is at this young adult stage that one is able to understand such aspects as logical proofs, love and values. Some biological factors can be traced during this stage as it occurs during puberty thus marking the entry into adulthood in cognition, physiology, moral judgment (Kohlberg), psychosocial development (Erikson) and psychosexual development (Freud). It is estimated that approximately two-thirds of all the people fail to develop this type of reasoning fully for it to become their normal cognition mode and thus they remain as operational thinkers even as adults, (Flavell 1963). The above four stages have some general observation. One is that though they may vary in time, sequence does not change, (Brainerd, C. 1978). The stages also apply to thought and not to children and they universal thus they cannot be associated with any culture. Shortcoming to Piagetian stage theory. There are several challenges that have been put froth against Piagetian theory some of which even Piaget himself has noted such as the fact that development does not have to progress in such as the smooth manner that his theory has proposed. His theory is a general one since it suggests that cognitive maturation occurs across different aspects of knowledge such as logic, mathematics, language among others, (Gallagher, J.M. Reid, D.K. 1981). Application of Piagetian theory Most of the educators as well as psychologists do manage to receive piagetian theory training during their professional training. A piagetian assessment is more likely to be a familiar concept among the psychologists who work in those districts that carry out alternative assessment of cognitive ability on regular basis. A good example are the psychologists at the Southern California Diagnostic Center who do make use of the Ordinal Scale more in depth during a Piagetian assessment. For most of these psychologists, a Piagetian assessment is like a departure from the standardized intelligence testing. The standardized intelligence tests that are available usually diagnose the student’s academic achievement expectancy and it may usually take considerable amount of time and thus may not be done for more than one year. This thus limits the tests for use during short term interventions such as pre-test or post-test. More to this is that standardized cognitive tests quantify a students power or strength of abilities or processing but unfortunately the quantification does not precisely predict the intervention method that are most likely applicable or useful, (Flavell 1963). A curriculum-based measurement (CBM) can be done several times within a year by the school psychologists as a pretest or post-test on how effective the intervention is. Unfortunately, CBM does not provide details of why the intervention may or may not be successful nor does it serve as a diagnostic tool for the instructional modifications. On the other hand, Piagetian screening can be useful in giving instructional interventions especially incases to do with comprehension or math concepts, (Piaget, J. 1929). Piagetian theory gives the stage wise development of qualitative means of developing thinking from one stage to the next. Through this understanding it is possible to understand more easily why students experience learning difficulties. Thus Piagetian screening does provide an avenue of quickly estimating a student’s cognitive development level, (Ashurst 1985). In a summary thus, one can point to Piagetian tasks as signposts that indicate the level or stage that a child of a particular age is functioning. Thus it is important to understand that teaching   a child certain specific tasks does not in any way change the development stage of the child. Thus these signpost are useful when developing accommodations and modifications that do support a match between a Childs a curriculum with his/her cognitive processing ability. Necessary interventions for a child curriculum especially at the age of 4. Most of the children usually do encounter difficult math problems. Piagetian theory can be used to explain the appropriate interventions that can be adopted and especially at the age of four. For a student to effectively understand the mathematical concepts of simple subtraction and addition, there is need for him/her to acquire the concept of conservation of numbers. A child who is yet to attain conservation of number concept can still be able to perform, state or memorize various procedures such as subtraction or addition but may most likely be confused with the same concepts weeks, days or even hours later. The main reason for this is that information is stored as verbatim representations and the gist representations, (Brainerd, C. 1978). The modern theories of memory suggest that memory is stored as verbatim (exact input), or gist (concepts) and these representations of   memory   are accessed independently. Thus a child who has not yet attained the conservation of number rarely has the conceptual framework that is needed for a one-to-one correspondence since they lack the conceptual framework, (Gallagher, J.M. Reid, D.K. 1981).. At a later time when the child is not able to accurately carry out math operations, an impression of memory deficit may most likely be the first impression. But the main problem maybe that the child has not yet attained the developmental stage that is required to understand the mathematical concepts. It is in such circumstances that the child may only store verbatim memories and fail to do the same for the conceptual knowledge, gist memory. Necessary interventions in this case suggest that one ought to be very sure that the concrete operations level is emerging. If this is not the case, the child may most likely be in the pre-operational thinking stage which is also the intuitive level. The necessary interventions can be aimed at helping the child accelerate moving from intuitive stage towards the concrete stage. A good example is at the age of four, which is generally regarded as the stage of ‘why’ where the course-effect thinking is learnt in details. Worth noting is that some of the primary school-age children whom have not yet attained the level of being intuitive thinkers usually get on to ‘why stage’ one or two years later and may thus have not had the opportunity of having the questioning behavior reinforced, (Flavell 1963). Students are also known to experience problems with comprehension. The frequent complaint are usually at the 4th grade all the way to the eighth grade. The difficult maybe complex but with the application of Piagetian theory it is possible to determine whether the student did manage to attain the necessary developmental stages to be able to comprehend different concepts that do involve   some partially overlapping sets of information. Though the international model age for attaining classification task as age 9, an upward variance is usually observed. Most of the upper elementary science, literary concepts and social sciences involve also mental manipulation. Usually students gain the attention of the school psychologists due t issues that are associated social behavior.